How Can You Help Your Dog With Arthritis? Essential Tips And Advice

It takes a while before you realize it: dog arthritis. You start noticing small changes in your furry friend's behavior, and then it hits you—your best buddy is in pain. Watching them struggle with everyday activities is heart-wrenching.

How can you identify the symptoms and signs of arthritis in dogs? What treatment options are available to manage their pain and improve their quality of life? In this post, we'll explore these questions and more to help your dog feel better.

🐾 quick tour of the blogpost:

🐾 What is Arthritis in Dogs?

Arthritis in dogs is a common condition that involves inflammation and deterioration of the joints, leading to pain, stiffness and decreased mobility [1]. There are primarily two types of arthritis in dogs.

Osteoarthritis

Also known as degenerative joint disease. It results from the gradual wear and tear of the articular cartilage over time. As the cartilage breaks down, it causes bones to rub against each other, leading to pain, inflammation and reduced joint function. Osteoarthritis is often associated with aging, injuries or congenital joint diseases. We will discuss its causes in more detail later.

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis in dogs, affecting approximately 20% of the dog population [2]. Because arthritis mainly affects older dogs, it is estimated that approximately 60% of dogs over the age of eight have some form of arthritis. Studies suggest the 20% figure may be even higher due to underdiagnosis, as early signs of arthritis in dogs can be subtle and easily overlooked.

Inflammatory Arthritis

This type includes conditions such as immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA), which is similar to rheumatoid arthritis in humans. In this autoimmune disease, the dog's immune system becomes overactive and accidentally attacks its own joint tissues, causing chronic inflammation and joint damage.

Inflammatory arthritis in dogs includes a range of conditions, each with unique characteristics and treatment requirements.

Immune-Mediated Polyarthritis

IMPA is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis in dogs [3]. This diagnosis is often made in dogs that require further examination due to fever of unknown origin. It is a non-erosive arthritis, which means that it does not lead to the destruction of joint surfaces and cartilage: The inflammation remains in the synovial fluid and surrounding tissues without causing significant structural damage to the joints. It may occur without any apparent external cause (primary IMPA) or secondary to other conditions.

1. Primary IMPA: Often idiopathic with no identifiable cause.

2. Secondary IMPA, mainly caused by:

Bacterial or Fungal Infections: Joint inflammation can occur as a reaction to infections in other parts of the body.
Tick-Borne Diseases: Conditions like Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever can trigger IMPA.
Underlying Immune Defects: These can be hereditary and cause the immune system to attack the joints, leading to chronic inflammation.

COMPARISON TABLE: IMMUNE-MEDIATED POLYARTHRITIS VS OSTEOARTHRITIS

Aspect	Immune-Mediated Polyarthritis	Osteoarthritis
Causes	Caused by an overactive immune system that attacks joint tissues	Results from the physical degeneration of cartilage
Characteristics	Typically affects several joints simultaneously	May initially affect one or a few joints before spreading
Triggers	Can be triggered by other diseases such as infections, cancer, or gastrointestinal issues	No specific triggers, generally due to wear and tear over time
Symptoms	Severe and widespread joint pain and stiffness	Joint pain and stiffness, generally less widespread
Swollen Joints	Visibly swollen and painful joints in multiple limbs	Swelling may be present but is less pronounced
Systemic Symptoms	Fever, lethargy, poor appetite	Rare systemic symptoms

Other Forms of Inflammatory Arthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

This is an erosive form of arthritis, where the body’s immune system attacks the joint tissues. This autoimmune disease causes the immune system to attack the synovial membranes, leading to the destruction of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. It is characterized by joint erosion.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

This form of autoimmune disease affects multiple systems, including joints. It's characterized by a defective immune response that leads to joint inflammation. The exact triggers are often unknown but may include genetic predispositions.

Breed-Specific Polyarthritis

This includes conditions like Shar-Pei fever and Greyhound polyarthritis, which are often genetically predisposed but can be exacerbated by immune system defects.

Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis

This condition involves inflammation of the meninges and arteries, likely autoimmune in nature. It is caused by an overactive immune response.

Polyarthritis-Polymyositis Syndrome

Characterized by both joint and muscle inflammation, this syndrome is autoimmune and linked to an aberrant immune response.

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Seen in young dogs, this form of arthritis involves persistent joint inflammation similar to juvenile arthritis in humans. Early intervention is crucial to prevent long-term joint damage. [4]

Overall, inflammatory arthritis in dogs is less common than osteoarthritis, but it requires specific diagnostic and treatment approaches due to its autoimmune nature.

🐾 Causes and Risk Factors of Arthritis in Dogs

Several factors contribute to the development of arthritis in dogs [5]:

age

Older dogs are more prone to arthritis due to the natural wear and tear of joint cartilage over time. As dogs age, the regenerative capacity of cartilage decreases, leading to joint degradation.

overweight

Carrying extra weight puts additional stress on the joints, accelerating the wear and tear process. Obesity not only exacerbates existing joint issues but also increases the likelihood of developing arthritis.

Joint Injuries

Injuries to the joints, such as fractures or ligament tears, can lead to arthritis later in life. The healing process can result in abnormal joint structure, increasing the risk of arthritis. (https://www.akcchf.org/educational-resources/Webinars/dont-skip-leg-day-the.html)

Underlying Diseases

Conditions such as hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia are significant risk factors for arthritis. These congenital abnormalities affect the normal development and function of the joints.

causes-and-risk-factors-of-arthritis-in-dogs

Joint Infections

Bacterial or viral infections can lead to joint inflammation, which can eventually result in arthritis if not properly treated.

Malnutrition

A diet lacking essential nutrients can impair joint health and function.

Cartilage Deficits

Some dogs may have inherent deficits in their cartilage, making their joints more susceptible to wear and tear. We'll cover that later.

Orthopedic Surgery

Dogs that undergo orthopedic surgery may develop arthritis in the affected joints due to changes in joint mechanics and stress distribution.

poor conformation

Dogs with poor conformation, such as abnormal limb alignment, are more prone to developing arthritis due to uneven distribution of weight and stress on their joints.

🐾 Arthritis in Dog Breeds

Breeds at Higher Risk

Certain breeds are genetically predisposed to arthritis, including larger breeds like [6]:

Labrador Retriever: Commonly affected by hip and elbow dysplasia.
German Shepherd: Prone to hip dysplasia and joint issues.
Golden Retriever: Susceptible to hip dysplasia.
Dachshund: High risk for intervertebral disc disease leading to spinal arthritis.
Rottweiler: Likely to develop hip and elbow dysplasia.

Mixed-Breed Dogs

Mixed-breed dogs can also develop arthritis, although their risk is generally influenced by their size, age, and genetic factors inherited from their parents. Because they do not belong to a specific breed, it is harder to predict the likelihood of arthritis based on breed alone.

Risk Factors:

Larger mixed-breed dogs are more prone to arthritis due to the increased stress on their joints.
As with purebred dogs, older mixed-breed dogs are at higher risk for arthritis.
Mixed-breed dogs that have large-breed ancestors or breeds prone to hip or elbow dysplasia may inherit these issues.

A 2013 study published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association found that mixed-breed dogs had a lower prevalence of inherited orthopedic conditions like hip dysplasia compared to purebred dogs, possibly reducing their overall risk of arthritis. [7]

While mixed-breed dogs may have a slightly lower risk of certain inherited conditions compared to purebreds, they are still susceptible to arthritis, especially as they age.

🐾 Recognizing the Symptoms and signs of arthritis in dogs

Arthritis in dogs manifests through a variety of symptoms that can affect their mobility, behavior, and overall well-being. Recognizing the following signs early can help in managing the condition more effectively.

Mobility Issues

Limping: A noticeable limp or favoring one leg over others is a primary sign.
Difficulty Moving or Stiffness: Dogs may have trouble moving, especially after rest. Stiffness is more pronounced in the morning or after lying down for extended periods.
Slow Shuffling Walk: The dog's gait becomes slow and shuffling due to joint discomfort.
Difficulty Getting Up: Struggling to rise from a lying or seated position is common.
Avoiding Stairs: Reluctance to go up or down stairs is a key indicator of joint pain.
Decreased Activity: Reluctance to move, play, or climb stairs.

Behavioral Changes

General unwillingness to play, run, or engage in physical activities.
Increased grumpiness or irritability, especially when touched.
Vocal expressions of discomfort, such as whining or groaning, especially when moving.

limping-is-a-primary-sign-of-dog-arthritis

Physical Symptoms

Licking Joints: Excessive licking or chewing of the affected joints as an attempt to soothe the pain.
Saliva Stained Fur: Fur around painful joints may be discolored due to constant licking.
Shaking: Dogs may shake or tremble due to joint pain.
Joint Stiffness: Noticeable rigidity in the joints, often visible when the dog moves.
Amyotrophy: Muscle wasting around the affected joints due to lack of use.
Joint Effusion: Swelling in the joints, making them appear larger than normal.
Sensitivity to Touch: Pain when the joints are touched or manipulated.
Stiffness: Particularly noticeable after rest or during cold weather.

Changes in Daily Habits

Decreased Appetite: A loss of interest in food, possibly due to chronic pain.
Difficulty Toileting: Struggling to squat or lift their leg to urinate or defecate.
Poor Conformation: Changes in posture or gait that are not typical of your dog's normal movement.
Weight Gain: Increased weight due to reduced activity levels and possible overeating as a comfort mechanism.
Nutritional History: Poor diet can exacerbate joint issues, leading to arthritis symptoms.
Increased sleeping or lethargy: Dogs with arthritis may sleep more or appear more lethargic due to chronic pain and fatigue.

symptom-of-dog-arthritis-increased-sleeping-or-lethargy

🐾 Progression of dog Arthritis

The progression of osteoarthritis in dogs is generally described in four phases.

Stage 1: Early Stage

Symptoms: Mild discomfort, occasional stiffness, especially after long periods of inactivity.

Characteristics: Early wear and tear on the cartilage, minor inflammation.

Stage 2: Mild Arthritis

Symptoms: Noticeable stiffness, reduced activity levels, and slight limping, particularly after exercise.

Characteristics: More significant cartilage deterioration, mild inflammation of the joint lining.

Stage 3: Moderate Arthritis

Symptoms: Persistent pain, noticeable lameness, and difficulty performing daily activities such as climbing stairs or jumping.

Characteristics: Further cartilage loss, moderate inflammation, and some bone spurs might develop.

Stage 4: Severe Arthritis

Symptoms: Severe pain, significant lameness, reluctance to move, and considerable loss of mobility.

Characteristics: Extensive cartilage damage, large bone spurs, and severe inflammation.

🐾 Dog Arthritis Diagnosis

Early diagnosis of arthritis in dogs is crucial for effective management and treatment. The diagnostic process for arthritis typically involves a combination of physical examinations and imaging tests.

Veterinary Examination

Veterinarians perform physical examinations, such as:

Feeling for swelling, heat, and pain in the joints.
Watching the dog walk, sit, and lie down to identify abnormalities.

Imaging tests

x-rays-diagnostic-tool-for-arthritis-in-dogs

X-rays are a common diagnostic tool for identifying arthritis in dogs. They can reveal:

Alterations in bone density and shape.
Indications of inflammation and fluid buildup within the joints.

For more detailed imaging, veterinarians may use:

MRI provides detailed images of soft tissues, helping to identify early cartilage damage and other joint abnormalities.
CT scans offers a cross-sectional view of the joints, useful for detecting subtle bone changes and joint alignment issues.

Joint Fluid Analysis

This analysis involves extracting and examining synovial fluid from the joints to detect inflammation and infection, which are indicative of arthritis.

🐾 Veterinary Treatment

After diagnosing arthritis in a dog, treatment focuses on alleviating pain and enhancing joint function. Veterinary care often involves medication and suggestions for at-home management. Common treatments include:

Medications

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly prescribed to manage pain and inflammation, reducing swelling and improving the dog's mobility and comfort. For more severe inflammation, steroids might be prescribed to provide relief. See table herunder.

Surgical Interventions

In severe cases where other treatments have not been effective, surgery may be considered. Common procedures include joint replacement or arthroscopy, which involves cleaning the joint space to reduce pain and improve function.

COMPARISON TABLE OF OSTEOARTHRITIS MEDICATIONS FOR DOGS

Treatment Type	Approval Status	Mechanism of Action	Indication	Administration	Most Common Side Effects
Anti–Nerve Growth Factor Monoclonal Antibody (Bedinvetmab; Librela)	Approved by FDA in May 2023; Canada (2023); various countries starting in 2020	Targets and neutralizes NGF, reducing pain generation in osteoarthritic joints.	Alleviation of pain associated with OA in dogs	0.5 to 1 mg/kg SC once a month	Mild reactions at the injection site in ≤1% of dogs
NSAIDs	Carprofen (1996), deracoxib (2002), meloxicam (2003), firocoxib (2004), grapiprant (2016)	Carprofen, deracoxib, meloxicam, and firocoxib block COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. Grapiprant blocks EP4 receptor, sparing COX enzymes' homeostatic roles.	OA pain relief	All are q24h PO; carprofen also q12h dosing. Injectable formulations available.	Gastrointestinal upset (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea); less common are gastrointestinal ulceration and renal and hepatic adverse effects.
Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan (Adequan Canine)	U.S. FDA approved (2014)	Inhibits catabolic enzymes in inflamed joints, increases synthesis of proteoglycan and hyaluronic acid, potentially decreasing cartilage loss and providing analgesia.	Control of signs associated with noninfectious degenerative and/or traumatic arthritis of canine synovial joints	4.4 mg/kg IM twice weekly for up to 4 weeks (max 8 injections). Often repeated as needed.	Mild and self-limiting transient pain at the injection site, transient diarrhea, and bruising.
Gabapentin/Pregabalin	No approval for veterinary use in the United States	Presynaptic inhibition of calcium channels, decreasing calcium influx and release of excitatory neurotransmitters. Anxiolytic effects can also decrease pain intensity.	Potential adjunctive drug for chronic pain relief	Gabapentin: q8h to q12h PO; starting dose 10 mg/kg up to 40 mg/kg. Pregabalin: 1 to 2 mg/kg PO q12h.	Sedation (resolves within days), ataxia (more common in large dogs, may resolve with decreased dosing).
NMDA-Receptor Antagonists (Amantadine, Ketamine)	Amantadine: not approved for veterinary use in the U.S.; Ketamine: approved as an injectable anesthetic in cats and subhuman primates in the U.S.	NMDA-receptor antagonists block the channel, decreasing central sensitization.	Potential adjunctive drug for acute or chronic pain relief, particularly if central sensitization is predicted	Amantadine: 3 to 5 mg/kg PO q12h to q24h. Ketamine: 5 to 10 µg/kg/min acute infusion for 4 to 24 hours; 0.5 mg/kg SC weekly or less often.	Sedation or agitation (rare).
Homogeneous Tin Colloid (117mSn; Synovetin OA)	Medical veterinary device	Tin colloid emits low-energy electrons absorbed by synovial cells and macrophages, reducing inflammatory cells and synovial inflammation and pain.	Intra-articular treatment of elbows in dogs to reduce synovitis and OA pain	Dogs must be anesthetized or deeply sedated during injection. Redosing no sooner than 12 months after last treatment.	Pain at the joint during and up to 72 hours after treatment (uncommon).
Collagen/Elastin Matrix (Spryng)	Medical veterinary device	Mimics natural cartilage, restoring joint mechanics and decreasing pain.	Management of joint pain from loss of cartilage or tissue-bone mechanical malfunction	Intra-articular sterile injection. Multiple joints can be injected in one appointment; repeat as needed.	Mild, short-term swelling at the injection site.

Source: Today's Veterinary Practice [8 ]

nerve-growth-factor-inhibitors-dog-arthritis

🐾 Advancements in ARTHRITIS treatment options

The field of veterinary medicine is rapidly evolving, giving new hope and treatment options for managing arthritis in dogs. Stay informed about the latest advancements to provide the best care for your furry companion. We bring you the latest research and innovations in the treatment of canine arthritis, emphasizing their importance and potential benefits.

Recent developments include an expanding range of pharmaceutical treatments, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, piprants, monoclonal antibodies, adjunctive analgesics, structure-modifying osteoarthritis drugs, and regenerative therapies, reflecting a growing understanding of arthritis biology and pain mechanisms in dogs. [9]

In addition to advancements discussed in recent research, we’d like to highlight two notable developments shaping the landscape of canine arthritis treatment:

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) Inhibitors

Research on anti-NGF therapy has shown promising results for managing pain in dogs with osteoarthritis. This medicine has been FDA approved since 2023 [10].

Research shows that this therapy is effective and well-tolerated for up to three months, with a single injection providing relief for four to six weeks [11]. It often performs as well as or better than NSAIDs and is a valuable non-opioid alternative for pain management. It’s costs are less than $100 a month (depending on weight).

Stem Cell Therapy

Stem cell therapy involves injecting stem cells directly into the joints. This treatment can reduce pain and improve limb function in dogs with osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease. Additionally, it helps in healing injured tendons and ligaments, providing a regenerative approach to treatment. [12]

The typical expense for stem cell therapy for dogs ranges from $2,000 to $3,000. This cost can vary based on several factors, including the veterinarian's experience, the dog's condition, and the number of injections required for treatment.

🐾 Innovative Trends in Managing Dog Arthritis

The pet health industry has undergone a true transformation in recent years. The main reason is that pet owners are increasingly prioritizing the overall well-being of their beloved pets.

This shift has led to innovative technologies and changing consumer preferences, with a significant focus on managing chronic conditions such as arthritis in dogs.

This includes preventive care through timely check-ups by the vet, but also through the use of telemedicine. The latter is made possible by apps and wearable trackers that display the latest status of the dog's health on its owner's mobile phone.

In addition, there is a clear rise in personalized nutrition, including supplements such as glucosamine and omega-3 fatty acids. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture and light therapy, provide relief from pain and inflammation in arthritis. Let's take a closer look at each of these developments:

Preventive Care

Regardless of breed, there are several strategies to prevent and mitigate the progression of arthritis in dogs:

Regular Veterinary Check-Ups: Early detection of joint issues can lead to better management.
Weight Management: Keeping your dog at a healthy weight reduces stress on their joints.
Exercise: Regular, low-impact exercise helps maintain joint mobility and muscle strength. Even after injuries: Don’t skip a leg day! [13]
Diet and Supplements: Providing a balanced diet and supplements like glucosamine and chondroitin can support joint health.
Comfortable Living Conditions: Soft bedding and ramps can help reduce joint stress.

Wearable Technology for Pet Health Monitoring

Portable monitoring devices have revolutionized pet care. You can check the up-to-date health status of your dog on your phone or watch. These devices, such as FitBark, Felcana, Whistle, PetPace and others, attach to your pet's collar [14].

Just like for humans, they track vital signs, activity levels, sleep patterns and more. This allows you to detect any health problems at an early stage. You can then also share this information with your vet.

Personalized nutrition

Maintaining a healthy weight and providing a nutrient-dense diet are crucial for managing arthritis in dogs. Excess weight increases pressure on the joints, which can worsen arthritis. Helping your dog achieve and maintain a healthy weight is one of the most effective ways to treat arthritis.

In addition, a balanced diet rich in essential nutrients supports joint health:

Glucosamine and Chondroitin: These supplements promote joint health by supporting cartilage repair. Glucosamine stimulates the production of glycosaminoglycans, essential for joint health and inflammation prevention. Chondroitin helps maintain cartilage elasticity and inhibits enzymes that degrade cartilage. [15]
Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Found in fish oils such as krill or green-lipped mussel, these acids possess anti-inflammatory properties that can reduce arthritis-related pain and inflammation.
Bone Broth: Adding bone broth to your dog’s diet can be an inexpensive and effective way to build cartilage and protect joints. It is rich in collagen, glycosaminoglycans, and amino acids, all of which contribute to joint health.
Herbs and Natural Supplements: Turmeric and Boswellia are notable anti-inflammatories. Other natural options include deer velvet, which is rich in essential nutrients like glucosamine, chondroitin, and collagen.

essential-supplements-support-joint-health

🐾 Veterinary Physical Rehabilitation Therapies

In response to the trend in pet health care, there has been a surge in physical rehabilitation clinics and practices for dogs. They offer a range of therapies aimed at maintaining joint health, muscle strength, and alleviating pain. They also promote the health of cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. The most common therapies used to treat arthritis in dogs include:

Range of Motion Exercises

These exercises enhance balance, motor control, and strength aiming to improve joint flexibility and function. These exercises can be passive or active, depending on the dog's condition and capability.

Passive Range of Motion (PROM): PROM exercises are performed by a certified therapist without the dog's active participation. They are ideal for dogs unable to move their joints due to pain or injury. Gentle and controlled movements help maintain or restore joint mobility and prevent stiffness.
Active-Assisted and Active Range of Motion: Active-assisted ROM involves the therapist guiding the dog's joint movements, aiding partial muscle use. In contrast, active ROM requires full muscle contraction from the dog, promoting maximum joint mobility independently. The therapist may recommend at-home exercises such as walking through water, sand, snow, or tall grass.

The cost of range of motion physical therapy in dogs depends on the specific case and how many sessions are required. One session could cost a dog owner anywhere from $50-$75, and the entire therapy period could cost roughly $500-$1,500.

Massage

Massage therapy offers significant benefits for dogs suffering from arthritis, providing relief and improving their quality of life. This therapeutic approach helps manage pain and discomfort associated with arthritis, promoting relaxation and reducing stress levels. It enhances circulation, which aids in delivering nutrients to affected joints and removing toxins, supporting the healing process.

Additionally, massage therapy reduces muscle tension, increases flexibility, and alleviates symptoms such as stiffness and soreness commonly seen in arthritic dogs. Expect to pay anywhere from $35 to $50 per massage therapy session for your dog.

Acupuncture and acupressure

Acupuncture for dogs is based on the traditional Chinese medicine philosophy that illness is caused by an imbalance of vital energies in a body (whether human or an animal). It involves the strategic placement of fine needles at specific points on a dog's body, known as acupuncture points or meridians, to rebalance vital energies and promote healing.

This technique enhances blood circulation, stimulates the nervous system, and releases natural anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving substances, offering relief from discomfort. [16]

For dogs unable to tolerate needles, acupressure applies pressure to these same points, achieving similar therapeutic benefits. Laser acupuncture, another approach, targets deeper tissues for enhanced treatment efficacy. These methods can reduce reliance on pain medications and complement conventional treatments, making them valuable options in veterinary care. Dog acupuncture costs typically range from $25 to $300 per session.

Hydrotherapy

Hydrotherapy for dogs involves exercises in water to alleviate pain and aid rehabilitation, especially beneficial for conditions like arthritis. This therapy utilizes hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, viscosity, and resistance to enhance joint mobility and reduce swelling. Qualified therapists use specialized equipment to target affected areas precisely. [17]

While costs will vary from one provider to the next, on average you can expect to pay around $35 to $45 for an initial consultation. After that, you'll likely pay $20 to $30 for a swim therapy session and $35 to $50 for an underwater treadmill session.

Laser therapy

Often referred to as Low level Laser Therapy or Red Light Therapy uses light to stimulate cell regeneration and increase blood circulation. This therapy can alleviate pain and inflammation associated with arthritis, injuries, and other musculoskeletal conditions. The process typically involves applying a laser wand to the affected area for about 10-20 minutes. [18]

Dogs usually find the treatment relaxing, and it can lead to improved mobility and reduced medication needs. Regular sessions are often required initially, with frequency decreasing over time based on the dog's response. An estimated range for the cost of treatment is $40 to $100 per session.

Ultrasound therapy

This therapy uses sound waves to promote tissue healing, reduce inflammation, and alleviate pain. It involves applying a conductive gel to the shaved treatment area and moving the ultrasound probe in circular motions for 5 to 15 minutes per session. Costs vary, but around $66 to $125 for a 60-minute assessment is common. [19]

Electric therapy

Also known as neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES or TENS), uses electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles, promoting healing, reducing pain, and enhancing muscle function. This therapeutic method involves placing electrode pads on the skin or coat with a conductive gel.

Lower frequencies, like TENS, target sensory fibers for pain relief, while higher frequencies (NMES) stimulate motor fibers to strengthen muscles. NMES is particularly beneficial for patients with muscle weakness, helping them regain muscle function. [20]

TENS units can be used throughout the rehabilitation process for pain management, sometimes requiring small patches of hair to be shaved for proper electrode placement. The cost may be as low as $35 per session or as much as $200 per session.

veterinary-physical-rehabilitation-therapies

Recent research (2022) into physiotherapeutic strategies for dogs with osteoarthritis highlights the need for evidence-based guidelines to improve osteoarthritis care in dogs, similar to human medicine [21].

Currently, veterinary evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these treatments is limited, with many studies focusing on short-term outcomes and lacking control groups. The research underscores the necessity for further studies to establish optimal treatment protocols, evaluate long-term efficacy, and enhance adherence to physiotherapy plans in dogs with OA.

🐾 Therapies at home - DIY

Therapies at veterinary clinics can be costly, especially when it is needed regularly and for a longer period of time. It is therefore definitely worth considering therapy at home. In-home therapy is ideal not only because it is affordable, but also because new places and unfamiliar faces can cause stress, potentially exacerbating your pet's discomfort from the pain.

Let’s explore ways to aid your dog’s recovery and pain relief in its familiar surroundings.

Passive Range of Motion

Passive range of motion exercises are a gentle way to maintain your dog's joint health and ease discomfort. It involves moving your dog's joints through their full range of motion without requiring active muscle engagement.

Benefits of PROM include maintaining joint flexibility, toning muscles for better support, improving circulation, and boosting natural pain relief through endorphins.

Here’s how to do PROM at home [22]:

Start with a gentle massage and light walking to warm up.
Watch for signs of discomfort and stop if your dog shows any.
Support the entire limb to avoid straining individual joints.
Move joints naturally and smoothly.
Begin with a few repetitions and gradually increase.
Aim for two to three sessions daily for best results.

You can find helpful videos and guides online to assist you in performing different ROM exercises tailored to your dog’s needs.

Cryotherapy

The use of cold therapy is a simple and cost-effective method to alleviate minor skin irritations and provide relief to your dog. It is ideal for acute injuries, flare-ups, or post-surgery recovery by limiting inflammatory chemicals and promoting healing. Beneficial for chronic injuries like osteoarthritis, especially when joints feel warm.

You can apply cryotherapy at home by using ice packs. There are many types and shapes of ice packs for sale online, but you can easily make an ice pack yourself with a bag of frozen peas, corn or a vegetable mix: it fits perfectly in a small pillowcase. You can also make an ice pack with ice wrapped in a paper towel or a towel in a plastic bag.

Always use a damp towel between the ice pack and your dog's skin to prevent ice burns. Apply the ice pack for 20 minutes two to four times a day, depending on your dog's comfort level.

Heat therapy

Heat therapy offers several benefits for dogs dealing with pain, joint stiffness, and muscle spasms. It's particularly effective for chronic conditions like osteoarthritis, where it improves blood flow, delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing toxins. Ideal surface heating tools for home use include hot packs, heat wraps, towels soaked in hot water and application of warm water.

Apply heat for 15-20 minutes over the affected area, ensuring the temperature is between 40 to 45 degrees Celsius to prevent burns. Check your dog's skin to ensure it feels comfortably warm, and never insist on using heat if your dog dislikes it. Heat therapy can be applied once to three times daily, particularly beneficial during colder weather.

Integrating heat therapy with massage and stretching can enhance its effectiveness, helping your older dog manage pain and improve mobility more comfortably. Don't use heat immediately after surgery, during a flare-up, or on acute injuries.

Massage

Gentle massages can help restore blood flow to painful joints. Before a walk, massage can help warm up muscles and improve circulation, preparing your dog for physical activity and potentially reducing the risk of injury. After a walk, a gentle massage can help relax muscles and joints, reducing any stiffness or tension that may have built up during exercise.

Again, this is something where online documentation and videos can help you get a hang on [23]. But ultimately it is the routine and touches that you build up together with your buddy that you and he experience as pleasant.

Exercises for your dog

When it comes to exercising a dog with osteoarthritis, it's all about finding activities that suit your furry friend's needs and condition. Start by consulting with your vet to craft a tailored exercise plan that takes into account which parts of their body are affected and how severe their arthritis is. Introduce new exercises gradually to avoid any discomfort or injury. Opt for gentle, low-impact activities that won't strain their joints too much.

Here are some options to consider:

Walking: Begin with short walks on flat, smooth surfaces, gradually increasing the time and distance as your dog builds strength.
Swimming: The water's buoyancy reduces joint pressure, making it easier for them to move. Start slowly if they're new to swimming, or try an underwater treadmill for controlled water exercises.
Range of Motion Exercises: Gently move their joints through their full range to improve flexibility and mobility, ensuring it's gentle and pain-free.
Stretching: Focus on gentle stretches to help maintain flexibility, especially around the hips and knees.
Treadmill: Use cautiously under guidance, ensuring it's suitable for their size and gait, and gradually adjust the speed and incline.
Indoor Games: Keep them mentally and physically engaged with activities like hide-and-seek or interactive toys, adjusting based on their comfort level and mobility. [24]

The therapies discussed above depend mainly on your active involvement. If for whatever reason you cannot use these techniques at home, there are options to use home healing devices equipped with red light or PEMF therapy. While they may require a modest investment, they remain cost-effective compared to frequent visits to veterinary clinics. What do both therapies entail and which one works better for arthritis?

Red light therapy (RLT)

RLT involves using specific wavelengths of red or near-infrared light at wavelengths typically ranging from 600 to 900 nanometers to penetrate tissues and promote healing. The light penetrates through the skin to a depth of about 5–10 millimeters, reaching muscles, nerves, and even deeper bones. It's known for its potential to reduce inflammation, speed up wound healing, and alleviate pain.

A 2018 study of 6 weeks of treatment with red light therapy (RLT) versus false light therapy in dogs with elbow osteoarthritis shows that RLT significantly reduces lameness and pain scores in dogs compared to placebo treatment. In addition, the dogs treated with RLT required lower doses of NSAIDs, indicating effective pain management through therapy alone. [25]

Home devices for Red Light Therapy for dogs are varied and cater to different needs and budgets. Popular options include handheld units and therapy pads.

Handheld devices are user-friendly and effective for targeted treatment areas, with costs typically ranging from $200 to $400. These devices are portable, easy to use, and provide pre-programmed treatment settings, making them suitable for specific conditions such as arthritis and wounds.
Therapy pads cover larger areas and are priced between $150 and $300. They come with modules for both deep tissue and surface treatment, addressing issues from joint pain to skin infections.

Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) Therapy

PEMF therapy utilizes electromagnetic fields to penetrate deeper into tissues, stimulating cellular repair and improving circulation. It can pass through fur, skin, bandages and bone and can penetrate through the entire body of a dog and reach deep into the joints and muscles stimulating circulation.

It's effective for managing pain, especially in conditions like osteoarthritis, and enhancing overall mobility.

PEMF therapy has demonstrated efficacy in managing pain and improving mobility in dogs with osteoarthritis [26, 27]. At-home PEMF options include loops, beds or mats, and even dog jackets.

Mats offer convenience, allowing dogs to receive therapy on demand. Prices range from $200 to over $2,000, depending on brand, size, PEMF settings, and additional features, with some devices available for rent.

Our blog post 'Bring Comfort And Joy Back To Your Dog With PEMF Therapy' is an in-depth look at what PEMF therapy is, how it works, and research into its effects.

RLT vs PEMF

Both Red Light Therapy and Pulsed Electromagnetic Field therapy offer potential benefits for dogs.

RLT primarily improves blood flow and stimulates cellular processes and is particularly beneficial for muscle recovery and reducing inflammation.
PEMF therapy focuses on deeper penetration to influence cellular activity and tissue regenerationand shows promise in managing pain and improving mobility, particularly in cases of osteoarthritis.

Both therapies, standalone or combined, have the potential to significantly improve the quality of life in dogs.

Petspemf Pad Reviews For Dog Health And Well-being

🐾 Personal Stories of Dog Owners

Sonny and Nicky

Richard Suddon, a 54-year-old software engineer from Seattle, WA, shares his home with two Rhodesian German Mix dogs, Sonny (8 years) and Nicky (5 years). Sonny was recently diagnosed with arthritis in his spine after years of playful activities. Richard ensures that Sonny gets the best care by providing omega-3 supplements and regular acupuncture sessions.

"When Sonny was diagnosed, I wanted to make sure he received the same level of care that I give myself." Richard says.

Richard has seen notable improvements in Sonny's comfort and mobility. "Acupuncture and supplements have been game-changers for Sonny.” Nicky, while not diagnosed with arthritis, benefits from the same healthy lifestyle. "It has become a family routine."

Max

Jane Thompson from Austin, TX, noticed her 8-year-old Golden Retriever, Max, struggling to get up and walk. After a visit to the vet, Max was diagnosed with hip osteoarthritis.

Jane, who also suffers from arthritis in her knees, felt a deep empathy for Max's condition.

"Seeing Max in pain was heartbreaking," Jane shares. "I know how tough it is to deal with arthritis, so I made it my mission to help him feel better."

They both started a regimen of low-impact exercises, which significantly improved their mobility. Jane takes daily walks with Max, ensuring he stays active and maintains a healthy weight.

"Our walks are therapeutic for both of us," she adds. "It’s a way for us to bond and stay healthy together."

Tyke

Chrissie West, a 46-year-old psychiatrist from Miami, FL, noticed her American Eskimo, Tyke, limping and avoiding stairs when he was eight years old.

After a thorough examination, Tyke was diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis. His treatment plan included stem cell therapy, which significantly reduced his pain and improved his limb function. Now, six years later, Tyke is 14 years old and still enjoying life.

"Tyke's limp broke my heart," Chrissie recalls. "We’ve always been so active together, and I wanted to find a solution that would give him relief."

Chrissie, who battles chronic fatigue syndrome, follows a similar treatment regimen with supplements and physical therapy. Together, they enjoy their daily walks, benefiting from each other's companionship and mutual care. "We motivate each other to keep moving," she says. "Our walks are more than just exercise; they’re our way of fighting our battle together."

🐾 The best advice for arthritis in dogs

People often ask me what the best approach is to help a dog with arthritis. But there is no one-size-fits-all answer. Just like Jane, Richard and Chrissie, it's about discovering what suits you and your dog best.

Take your time to do research and explore your options. One does not exclude the other: Many dog owners combine several options. I certainly hope that this article has helped you in some way to make an informed decision.

I am very curious about your personal experience. Send me a message if you would like to share your dog's story. This helps me to improve my articles and thus help other dog owners in their search for the solution that suits them best.

Sam Everhart

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